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Hammersmith Flyunder? Boris Johnson wants to send London's traffic underground

Mayor visits Boston to see what US city did - but would cost of projects here be prohibitive?

Days after hosting an awards event where the prize for best conceptual design went to a proposal for cyclists to be sent underground, Mayor of London Boris Johnson has outlined plans for several road tunnels in the capital that would free up space at ground level for people on foot or on bikes.

But with huge costs involved and a leading academic saying five years ago that hugely expensive infrastructure such as urban motorways is a “relic” that belongs to a bygone age, will Mr Johnson’s dreams become reality?

Well, the mayor certainly seems to think so, although he will have vacated City Hall long before any of the five schemes he has outlined come close to seeing the light of day, if they ever do.

For now, he has given the go-ahead for feasibility studies to be conducted on five proposed tunnels, among more than 70 locations identified in the capital that it is believed could benefit from such schemes.

While the word “tunnel” is replaced at times by “fly-under” or “decking,” the purpose in each case is essentially the same – to divert traffic beneath the surface.

The proposed projects are said to be in line with London’s 2050 Infrastructure Plan, and have also been recommended by the mayor’s Roads Task Force.

According to a press release from Mr Johnson’s office, they would be “aimed at reducing congestion, creating new public spaces and encouraging more people to walk and cycle,” and would also “unlock growth and make the capital a more attractive place to live and work.”

He made the announcement during a trip to Boston, Massachusetts, where he saw first-hand how the replacement of the six-lane Central Artery by an eight-lane underground road had helped regenerate parts of the city the elevated road previously ran through, as well as reducing traffic jams.

The five proposed schemes announced today are:

A mini tunnel at the A13 in Barking Riverside – By creating a new tunnel for the A13, a huge amount of land could potentially be opened up for future development whilst reconnecting the Borough of Barking with the new Barking Riverside development, which is the location for just under 11,000 new homes

Decking of the A3 in Tolworth - By decking over the A3, severance would be reduced and the area adjacent to the proposed Crossrail 2 station would be connected with the rest of the Borough, providing additional land for new homes

A fly-under at the A316 at Chalkers Corner - A small fly-under would reduce severance and radically improve facilities for cyclists and pedestrians and remove a major pinch point for traffic along the A316

A fly-under at the A4 in Hammersmith - By replacing the existing viaduct with a new tunnel, the town centre would be reconnected with the River Thames, creating new opportunities for development and open space

Decking or a mini-tunnel at the A406 in New Southgate - By building over this junction on the North Circular, land would be unlocked for new homes and connect the area around the proposed Crossrail 2 station.

Mr Johnson, who says the infrastructure is needed to help London cope with its forecast population growth, said: “Rebuilding some of our complex and aging road network underneath our city would not only provide additional capacity for traffic, but it would also unlock surface space and reduce the impact of noise and pollution.

“I am inspired by what the ambitious people of Boston have achieved here at the Big Dig, both in terms of reducing congestion and how they have dramatically improved the quality of life on the surface.

“In London we face similar challenges on our roads, but this could also be a fantastic opportunity to better shape our city and support economic growth.”

What wasn’t mentioned, however, was the potential cost of installing road tunnels at the locations in question might be – but if the experience of Boston, not to mention projects closer to home in London and elsewhere is anything to go by, it could be eye-watering.

The city’s Central Artery-Tunnel Project – nicknamed locally the Big Dig – is held up as the biggest, and the most complex, road infrastructure project ever carried out in the US. The 3.5-mile road, completed in 2007, ended up costing $20 billion.

That dwarfs the sum spent on what remains the most expensive road tunnelling project carried out in the UK, the Limehouse Link close to Canary Wharf in London’s Docklands, which was on the route of last July’s Tour de France as Stage 3 headed into the heart of the capital.

Opened in 1993 following seven years of construction work, the 1.1 mile tunnel cost £293 million at the time.

For cost per mile it remains far and away the most expensive stretch of road in Britain, with the project made more complicated by the fact that the route had to avoid other tunnels, take the docks and River Thames into account, and also incorporates a junction.

Speaking to BBC News in 2011, Sir Peter Hall, Bartlett professor of planning at University College London, said: "It was almost insane. But Margaret Thatcher would stop at nothing to get the Isle of Dogs developed.”

The same year saw the opening of two other road projects completed at huge cost.

One is the £692 million M74 extension in Glasgow – described by Professor Hall as a “relic” of a time when transport planners viewed urban motorways as the future; the other, the 1.2-mile Hindhead Tunnels that carry the A3 under the Devil’s Punchbowl beauty spot in Surrey and cost £300 million.

The mayor’s 2050 Infrastructure Plan, however, includes two projects that in all likelihood would make their cost look insignificant – an inner orbital ring road, or two cross-city tunnels.

His office says that they “could enable more efficient and reliable vehicle movement,” as well as reducing congestion in the centre of the city by 20 per cent “and free up space on the surface which could support the creation of 170,000 additional jobs.”

With parts of Inner and Central London having some of the lowest levels of car ownership and use anywhere in the country, some will query whether spending what will be vast sums on money on such infrastructure is the best use of public money.

Equally, others would say that it is a price worth paying if it provides subterranean routes that take heavy vehicles off the surface and make the city above more pleasant – and safer – for cyclists and pedestrians alike.

Simon joined road.cc as news editor in 2009 and is now the site’s community editor, acting as a link between the team producing the content and our readers. A law and languages graduate, published translator and former retail analyst, he has reported on issues as diverse as cycling-related court cases, anti-doping investigations, the latest developments in the bike industry and the sport’s biggest races. Now back in London full-time after 15 years living in Oxford and Cambridge, he loves cycling along the Thames but misses having his former riding buddy, Elodie the miniature schnauzer, in the basket in front of him.

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20 comments

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severs1966 | 9 years ago
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Isn't the ground in London full? Part of the reason the Crossrail tunnels had to go quite deep is that London is already full of shallow-level tunnels.

Is there space under Hammersmith, or is the proposal just to put a lid on top of the existing roads and put the pedestrians and bikes on top of that?

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CanAmSteve | 9 years ago
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Boston's Big Dig (done with a fair amount of UK expertise) is not a bad comparison, being a traffic-clogged major city with legacy traffic routing issues. Mind you, it's right on the ocean, too. And if there was only one death (which I recall was from a faulty bolt installation) that would be excellent.

First, of course, we should be encouraging London-bound people to leave their cars (which I accept are a necessity for many) at suburban "Park & Ride" satellite stations all around the M25 corridor. Land is cheaper and more available and there should be an attractive "all day parking" add-on to fares from these stations of £5/day or so. yes, it would be subsidised, but it's better than the alternatives.

I'm a west-ender so can only speak about the Hammersmith and Chalkers Corner options with any degree of knowledge, but the Flyover doesn't really do much, does it? And it's about to fall over. Just before the flyover is that horrible Hogarth roundabout with its own "temporary" flyover, and before that several sets of traffic lights. Yes, I know - traffic lights on an "expressway". It's just a wide street, and I think sinking it (think of Brussels, too) is a great idea, but don't expect any improvement in journey times.

I really do wonder who all is driving in and out of London every day. I know a builder from Berkshire who worked in Chelsea for over two years, and he drove in and back every day, despite living near a train line right into Paddington. Obviously he had tools to worry about, but the hassle of parking and driving every day? Crazy. Individuals make odd choices and we need to encourage them to make better ones. Basing train fares on what a banker can afford is not the place to start (builders already have a van - may as well use it then).

I also seem to recall the existence of several Tube lines in the vicinity, just to make digging interesting, and a large river.

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FluffyKittenofT... | 9 years ago
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pikeamus wrote:

My understanding was that large tunnels for motor vehicles have a very negative impact on the air quality in the areas where the tunnel terminates, worse than having open air traffic. I'm sure I remember another story about some tunnel already in place in London, and the particularly startling levels of childhood asthma in the immediate neighbourhood. Can't remember quite enough detail to find the story quickly. Something to think about anyway. Better off just reducing car usage as much as possible (and encouraging a switch to electric for that matter).

Well, the solution is to have tunnels that don't terminate. Just put a network of tunnels down there and let the petrolheads drive round-and-round interminably to their heart's content.

I suppose, in the interests of compassion, some sort of air filtration system would have to be provided (scope for some kind of carbon-capture?), but apart from that, just leave them to it.

Being _really_ charitable, you could provide car parks down there and stair-cases for entry and exit (but I fear that might be conceding too much).

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BearstedCC | 9 years ago
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Used the 2 cycles tunnels in and around Rotterdam last year. Thought they worked extremely well. Note: had security at both ends.

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pikeamus | 9 years ago
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My understanding was that large tunnels for motor vehicles have a very negative impact on the air quality in the areas where the tunnel terminates, worse than having open air traffic. I'm sure I remember another story about some tunnel already in place in London, and the particularly startling levels of childhood asthma in the immediate neighbourhood. Can't remember quite enough detail to find the story quickly. Something to think about anyway. Better off just reducing car usage as much as possible (and encouraging a switch to electric for that matter).

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rggfddne | 9 years ago
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I'd like to see this developed with a heavy focus on freight. It seems just on the edge of possibility to have a city where HGVs never drive more than 1000m on the surface...

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congokid | 9 years ago
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Most of the Hammersmith flyover runs directly above existing surface level major roads, so unless these are going to be built over at some point I don't see how the tunnel will have much benefit. All the access and egress routes still need to be there, unless the purpose is for the road to bypass Hammersmith town centre completely.

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Pub bike replied to congokid | 9 years ago
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congokid wrote:

Most of the Hammersmith flyover runs directly above existing surface level major roads, so unless these are going to be built over at some point I don't see how the tunnel will have much benefit. All the access and egress routes still need to be there, unless the purpose is for the road to bypass Hammersmith town centre completely.

The Flyunder report by LBHF is available here. Interesting reading.

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levermonkey | 9 years ago
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We have at the present time possibly the biggest pool of tunnelling talent ever created/assembled. I am of course talking about Crossrail.

At the end of Crossrail this talent will disperse and the opportunity will be lost. If we are going to undertake these schemes and others such as cycle tunnels under the Thames then we have to start the planning now.

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bikebot replied to levermonkey | 9 years ago
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There's not much danger of the tunneling talent dispersing. The tunneling work on the Thames sewer project begins as crossrails ends, and Crossrail 2 then looks like it will follow that.

We're actually getting quite good at these sort of projects, unlike the big dig fiasco which seems to be worrying some people. There still a lot about the Hammersmith proposals that I'm not convinced by yet.

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levermonkey replied to bikebot | 9 years ago
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Most of the Crossrail tunnelling has been completed. Thames Tideway Sewer tunnelling doesn't start till 2017 at the earliest. Not sure on the timeline for HS2 and there is no guarantee that the project is going to proceed.

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thesaladdays replied to bikebot | 9 years ago
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bikebot wrote:

There's not much danger of the tunneling talent dispersing. The tunneling work on the Thames sewer project begins as crossrails ends, and Crossrail 2 then looks like it will follow that.

Tunnelling of the Northern line extension to Battersea should begin next year as well. There are also numerous small projects that require heavy engineering and tunnelling works. I don't see the need for this pool of talent disappearing any time soon as the need for more capacity is ever-present.

severs1966 wrote:

Isn't the ground in London full? Part of the reason the Crossrail tunnels had to go quite deep is that London is already full of shallow-level tunnels.

Crossrail is deep in central London more because of existing deep-level tube lines than shallow-levels tunnels, although in places it does travel between deep tube lines. At Hammersmith everything is either in shallow cuttings (both District and Piccadilly lines) or at street level (Hammersmith & City terminus). There may be deeper sewers or comms tunnels that need consideration, but no deep-level tube lines.

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Dnnnnnn replied to levermonkey | 9 years ago
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levermonkey wrote:

At the end of Crossrail this talent will disperse and the opportunity will be lost

HS2 will require huge levels of tunnelling skills, although there'll be a gap between that and completion of Crossrai's tunnels (which are almost done).

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Al__S | 9 years ago
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Only a true fool could look at the Big Dig and go "I want to replicate that". He might as well go to Seattle and take inspiration from "Big Bertha".

Anyway, most of this doesn't have even a sniff of a costing for it. Which belies what it may be- something to make the motor traffic lobby think he's thinking about them in the wake of upsetting them over cycle superhighways.

That, or he needs to dig lots of tunnels so that spoil is generated to build Boris Island, as he doesn't accept that that is dead, too.

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bikebot replied to Al__S | 9 years ago
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Al__S wrote:

Anyway, most of this doesn't have even a sniff of a costing for it. Which belies what it may be- something to make the motor traffic lobby think he's thinking about them in the wake of upsetting them over cycle superhighways.

Yeah, there is. TfL have been looking at this for a year or two at least. There were two options originally under study, one cheap* cut and cover at £300m and the tunnels at about £1,700. The latter is part of a big redevelopment vision, which involves many new properties.

*cheap obviously being a relative term...

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Al__S replied to bikebot | 9 years ago
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bikebot wrote:

Yeah, there is. TfL have been looking at this for a year or two at least. There were two options originally under study, one cheap* cut and cover at £300m and the tunnels at about £1,700. The latter is part of a big redevelopment vision, which involves many new properties.

*cheap obviously being a relative term...

That's just the Hammersmith scheme- as far as I know the Chalkers Corner and A13 schemes are uncosted and the complete tunnel ring is the fantasy of a simpleton- if 2 miles of tunnel with no underground junctions costs £1.7 billion, how much does thirty miles with underground junctions cost?

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darrenleroy | 9 years ago
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Hammersmith flyover is a blot on the landscape and the gyratory is dangerous to cycle. Getting rid of it would be a good thing.

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gmac101 | 9 years ago
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Well I hope it's managed better than the Boston "Big Dig"
That took something like 15 years to complete and as its says on Wikipedia "The Big Dig was the most expensive highway project in the U.S. and was plagued by escalating costs, scheduling overruns, leaks, design flaws, charges of poor execution and use of substandard materials, criminal arrests, and one death"

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multifrag | 9 years ago
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Why not put cars underground and people walking on the ground. You have more space for parks, trees and cycling/walking paths. while you have a lot of space underground. I know it is not viable, but Japanese underground roads are already used and they plan to be build more of them. Would be nice to see London with some nature to it, not just the roar of engines.

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bikebot | 9 years ago
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I know all the focus is on the Hammersmith flyover, but I really want to know what exactly the "decking" is over the A3. I can't escape this mental image that it's someone's weekend DIY project, and it's going to have a few loungers and maybe a patio heater for the winter.

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