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Wearing a cycle helmet leads to more risk-taking, study finds

Participants in University of Bath study weren’t told its true purpose

A study from two researchers at the University of Bath has found that people wearing cycle helmets are more likely to take risks and be sensation-seekers than those wearing baseball caps.

Co-authored by Ian Walker and Tim Gamble of the university’s Department of Psychology, the study suggests that there could be “more extreme unintended consequences of safety equipment in hazardous situations” than was previously thought to exist.

Some subterfuge was involved, the authors admit.

“Participants were (falsely) told they were taking part in an eye-tracking study so we could exploit the fact the SensoMotric Head-mounted Eye Tracking Device comes with both a bicycle helmet [Abus HS-10 S-Force Peak] and a baseball cap as its standard mounting solutions,” they said.

Nor were bicycles involved, so the subjects – 80 people aged between 17 and 56 years – were unaware that the true purpose of the study was to assess differences in behaviour depending on the specific headgear worn.

The researchers had participants complete a computer-based laboratory measure named the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) under which they say ”the helmet could do nothing to change risk,” and they “also measured sensation seeking and anxiety as possible explanatory variables for any effect.”

In the BART task, subjects would press a button to cause an animated balloon on the computer screen to inflate and with each inflation, the amount of fictional currency they earned would grow.
They stood to lose any gains when the balloon burst, which would happen at some random point between one and 128 inflations, but they could bank their earnings at any point.

Each participant undertook the test 30 times, with the mean number of pumps made on occasions the balloon did not burst giving their mean score – higher for those who sought to maximise their gains, and lower for people who adopted a more conservative approach.

After completing all the tests, they were told about what the test was really designed to measure, asked not to tell others about that, and asked whether they cycled and if so, whether they wore a helmet while doing so.

People wearing helmets had a mean risk taking score of 40.40 against those who wore caps, at 31.06, while mean sensation seeking scores stood at 23.23 and 18.78, respectively, with the authors adding that “these effects cannot be explained by the helmet affecting anxiety.”

They also cited prior research which established that “helmets do not affect cognitive performance in demanding laboratory tasks, meaning the results cannot be attributed to this either.”

In conclusion, they said: “The practical implication of our findings, in which risk-taking changed in a global way when the helmet was worn, might be to suggest more extreme unintended consequences of safety equipment in hazardous situations than has previously been thought.”

They acknowledged that previous studies had also concluded “that safety equipment might make people take risks against which that equipment offers protection.”

They added: “If this laboratory demonstration of globally increased risk-taking arising from localized protection were to be replicated in real settings, this could suggest people using protective equipment against specific hazards might also be unduly inclined to take risks against which that protective equipment cannot reasonably be expected to help.

“This is not to suggest the safety equipment will necessarily have its specific utility nullified, but rather to suggest there could be changes in behaviour wider than previously envisaged,” they concluded.

Previous research by Dr Walker into bicycle helmets includes a 2006 study in which he sought to determine whether motorists give more space to cyclists wearing helmets than those who do not – he found that bare-headed riders benefited from greater passing distances – famously donning a blonde wig to assess whether gender was a factor too.

Simon joined road.cc as news editor in 2009 and is now the site’s community editor, acting as a link between the team producing the content and our readers. A law and languages graduate, published translator and former retail analyst, he has reported on issues as diverse as cycling-related court cases, anti-doping investigations, the latest developments in the bike industry and the sport’s biggest races. Now back in London full-time after 15 years living in Oxford and Cambridge, he loves cycling along the Thames but misses having his former riding buddy, Elodie the miniature schnauzer, in the basket in front of him.

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16 comments

Avatar
andyp | 8 years ago
0 likes

The only time in my life I have suffered brain injury, I wasn't anywhere near a bike, or indeed a helmet.  FACT.

 

 

 

Can we just stop all the nonsense please?

 

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Stumps | 8 years ago
1 like

I wear a helmet because at my average speed of around 15 - 17 miles per hour if i do take a tumble then by the time i hit the deck my speed will have reduced and the helmet will probably stop me from splitting my head open or taking the skin off and it does not induce me to take risks.

I also wear a stab proof vest whilst at work but this does not mean i will willingly take on a knife weilding person.

The assumption that by wearing a helmet makes you take risks seems, in my opinion, incorrect.

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matthewn5 | 8 years ago
1 like

What cbrndc said ^

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cbrndc | 8 years ago
1 like

I wear a helmet; but I don't wear a helmet because it will protect me in the event of being hit by a car (been there, done that); no, I wear a helmet to protect my family from the f'greedy insurance companies who argue not to pay the full amount of damages because the "cyclist contributed to their own death by not wearing a helmet" even though the cause of death was not head injury.

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burtthebike replied to cbrndc | 8 years ago
0 likes

cbrndc wrote:

I wear a helmet; but I don't wear a helmet because it will protect me in the event of being hit by a car (been there, done that); no, I wear a helmet to protect my family from the f'greedy insurance companies who argue not to pay the full amount of damages because the "cyclist contributed to their own death by not wearing a helmet" even though the cause of death was not head injury.

 

Actually, the claim that insurance companies reduce payments because of the absence of a cycle helmet is just another of the myths peddled by the helmet promoters.  There has been a single case of lack of helmet being found to be a contributing factor proven in court, and this was in unique circumstances so did not make case law.

Insurance companies will frequently try to reduce payments, but always withdraw it if challenged, because they know they would lose in court.

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Dnnnnnn | 8 years ago
2 likes

Isn’t the double irony that, out on the road, taking some more of what might be considered greater risks – riding faster, more assertively, taking lanes – actually keeps you safer?

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burtthebike | 8 years ago
1 like

While this study has its weaknesses, it does support the large body of evidence demonstrating risk compensation, which is the effect of maintaining the same perceived level of risk when given "safety" equipment.

One of the greatest problems with cycle helmets is that people think that they are safe if they wear one, so they take considerably more risks, which overwhelm the very low level of protection offered by the helmet.  It is remarkable that the manufacturers of cycle helmets make no claims for their protective effect, beyond meeting very low standards of energy absorbtion, because they would contravene advertising standards.  Unfortunately, these strictures do not apply to other groups promoting helmets, who make all sorts of nonsense claims e.g. BHIT claiming that helmets prevented 85% of deaths when they knew that it wasn't true.  These groups deliberately exagerate the risks of cycling and the protection offered by cycle helmets.

My own research showed clearly that most cyclists who wore helmets greatly overestimated the risks of cycling and the protection of helmets.

 

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fukawitribe replied to burtthebike | 8 years ago
0 likes

..

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cbrndc | 8 years ago
5 likes

So the subjects were sitting in front of a computer playing a game, a situation where there is no risk of injury or death.  How does this equate in any way with risk taking behaviour on the roads where there is a REAL risk of injury or death?  I'm not saying the original assumption of the effect is incorrect, I just don't think the two situations compare.

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Must be Mad | 8 years ago
1 like

'Risk Compensation' behaviour has been recognised for a long time, and is certainly playing a big part why mandatory helmet laws are not improving injury rates over a large population.

However this test does seem particularly week. The idea that blowing up a balloon in a safe environment will equate to how they behave while out on the road is a bit of a stretch...

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Brooess | 8 years ago
7 likes

The most obvious place where feeling protected leads to greater risk-taking is, of course, in modern cars with airbags, crumple zones and massive protective cages around the driver - SUVs and 4x4's especially...

So on the one hand this study suggests cyclists' need not wear helmets to keep them safe but on the other it shows, once again, that the greatest danger on the roads from excessive risk-taking comes from people in cars - and therefore that's where the focus of policy and policing and the judiciary should be.

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Grizzerly | 8 years ago
4 likes

Given the minimal protection offered by helmets,  I think this research demonstrates the futility of their use.

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robertoegg | 8 years ago
3 likes

So, we should campaign for a ban on helmets!

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PaulBox replied to robertoegg | 8 years ago
2 likes

robertoegg wrote:

So, we should campaign for a ban on helmets!

No, we should campaign for spikes to be fitted in the middle of steering wheels!

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BarefootBrian | 8 years ago
2 likes

Of course!
It was proven, many years ago, that most people drive "to a perceived level of danger, or risk". (They argued for spikes in the middle of steering wheels!) Why should cyclists be any different?

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kenyond | 8 years ago
2 likes

I think it stands to reason that if you wear something that makes you safer you are more likely to take risks.

I know amoung my group of friends we do push as far as we can, take for instance downhilling we wouldnt push nearly as far as we do if we wear an armidillo. When we kayak generally the helmets only come out for when we run waterfalls and higher grade rapids and the same thing for climbing. In the context of road cycling I dont wear a helmet if im popping to the shops or a quick 5 mile blast on local roads I know well, on longer rides and unknown roads then I will wear a helmet.

Someone could run a similar test with elbow and knee pads with skateboarders, bladers and bmxers and come to the same conclusion. I think its all about percieved risk if you feel 100% safe your going to push that extra 5/10% but then someone who is younger is likely to push harder than someone older.

 

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